Operations calculators
443 free calculators, no login — type a number, see what it means.
General (60)
On-time in-full
Share of orders delivered both on time and complete.
Patient flow rates
Two common patient flow measures for a clinic or hospital.
Capacity factor
Compare the energy a plant produced with what it could produce running flat out.
Completion and retention
Track how many students finish, how many stay, and the student to teacher ratio.
Legal matters and spend
Track the legal matter queue, how long matters wait, and spend against budget.
Service channel economics
See the blended cost per transaction and what moving transactions to digital channels save
Decisions within deadline
Share of cases decided within the required time, and how many are overdue and still waitin
Perfect order rate
Share of orders delivered on time, complete, undamaged and with correct documents.
Freight efficiency
Cost of moving goods, and how much of the distance is run empty.
Attendance and cost per student
School or course attendance, how many students are often absent, and spend per student.
Normalised learning gain
How much of the possible improvement a class achieved between a pre-test and a post-test.
Infection and safety rates
Express infections, falls or other safety events as a rate that can be compared across war
Bed turnover interval
How long a bed sits empty between patients and how many patients each bed serves.
Distribution losses (T&D, AT&C)
Energy lost in the network, and the combined technical and commercial loss.
Load factor
How evenly a system is used, as average load over peak load.
Safety incident rates
Standard workplace safety rates from incidents and hours worked.
Pipeline coverage and win rate
Check whether the pipeline is big enough to hit the quota at your win rate.
Quota attainment
Overall attainment and how many reps reach quota.
Supplier performance
Two core supplier scorecard measures.
Emissions estimate (activity x factor)
Multiply activity by an emission factor for electricity, fuel and travel.
Energy and water intensity
Resource use per unit produced, and how it changed from last period.
Support backlog and SLA
See whether the ticket queue is shrinking, how long a ticket waits, and whether response t
CSAT
Turn survey answers into a CSAT score and see how precise it is.
Utilisation and capacity
Compare demand with capacity for people, servers or any other resource.
Labour productivity
Compare hours used with hours planned for installed work.
Change orders and rework
How much of contract value goes on change orders and rework.
Percent plan complete
Reliability of weekly work plans: tasks finished against tasks planned.
Material waste
Waste as a share of material ordered, and its cost.
Equipment utilisation
Availability and use of plant and equipment.
Bid win rate
How often bids are won, by count and by value.
Crop yield and cost
Yield per hectare, cost per tonne and margin per hectare.
Feed conversion and mortality
Feed needed per kilogram of gain, and losses.
Crop per drop
Water use per tonne produced.
Post-harvest loss
Share of harvested produce lost before it is delivered.
Nutrient use efficiency
How much applied nitrogen ends up in the crop.
RevPAR, ADR and occupancy
The three standard hotel revenue measures.
GOPPAR and GOP margin
Profit before fixed charges, per available room.
Food and beverage cost
Cost of sales, labour and prime cost as shares of sales.
Revenue per seat hour
Restaurant revenue per available seat hour and average check.
Housekeeping productivity
Rooms cleaned per hour and cost per room.
Booking channel cost
What commission costs, and the saving from moving bookings direct.
NOI, cap rate and DSCR
Core property income and lending measures.
Occupancy and rent roll
Occupancy, vacancy loss and loss to lease.
LTV and debt yield
Loan to value, debt yield and coverage for a property loan.
Space efficiency
Net lettable share of gross area and rent potential.
Yield on cost
Development return against market value and margin.
Tenant retention
Renewal rate and the cost of turnover.
Grade and recovery
Metal contained and recovered from ore.
Cash cost and AISC (simplified)
Unit cost per ounce, with and without sustaining items.
Haul truck productivity
Tonnes per truck hour and trucks needed.
Plant throughput
Mill or plant availability, rate and utilisation.
Dilution and ore loss
Waste mixed into ore and ore left behind.
Reserve life
Years of production the reserves support.
Readiness and availability
Mission capable rates and operational availability for a fleet.
Life-cycle cost
Total ownership cost across acquisition, support and disposal.
Spares availability
Supply availability and backorder exposure.
Manning and qualification
Unit fill and qualified strength.
Cost and schedule growth
How far a programme has moved from baseline.
Mission completion
Missions or sorties completed and lost to maintenance.
Tender competition
How competitive public purchasing is and how awards compare with estimates.
Finance & unit economics (58)
Collection efficiency and tax gap
How much of assessed and estimated revenue is actually collected.
Budget absorption
How much of the budget was spent, and how late in the year.
Cost per beneficiary
Programme cost per person and the administrative share.
Content cost per hour watched
What each hour watched costs in content spend.
Tower tenancy ratio
Tenants per tower and the economics of adding one.
Fibre rollout economics
Cost per home passed and per connected home, and take-up.
Solvency ratio
Available capital against required capital.
Acquisition cost ratio
Cost of writing new business as a share of its premium.
Cost per graduate
Spending per graduate and per credit hour.
Liquidity and leverage ratios
Track month by month whether the business can meet short-term bills and carry its debt.
Receivables: DSO and collection effectiveness
Track how fast customers pay and how much of what was collectable was collected each month
Payables: DPO and on-time payment
Track how long you take to pay suppliers and how many invoices are paid on time.
Profitability margins
Track gross, EBITDA, operating and net margin each period from one set of figures.
Cost of capital (WACC)
Set the hurdle rate used for investment and valuation decisions, and refresh it each year.
Return on capital (ROIC and ROE)
Check each year whether the business earns more than its cost of capital.
Financial close and AP efficiency
Track month-end close speed and the cost of processing supplier invoices.
SaaS quick ratio
Track monthly whether recurring revenue growth outruns losses.
MSME payment (45-day rule)
Check whether a payment to a micro or small enterprise is late, the interest due, and the
Revenue cycle (hospital billing)
Track claims quality, denials and days in receivables each month.
GMROI and sell-through
Track the margin returned on inventory and how fast stock sells, by category each season.
Expected credit loss
Estimate the loss allowance for a loan or portfolio under IFRS 9 or Ind AS 109.
CASA ratio and cost of funds
Track the share of low-cost deposits and the cost of funds each quarter.
Slippage and provision coverage
Track new bad loans and how well they are provided for, each quarter.
Loss development factor
Project ultimate claims for an accident year from its development pattern (chain ladder, o
Levelised cost of energy (LCOE)
Compare generation projects on lifetime cost per MWh.
Break-even price and yield
Find the crop price and yield needed to cover costs each season.
TRevPAR and cost per occupied room
Track total revenue per room and the cost to service each occupied room.
WALT and lease expiry
Find the weighted average unexpired lease term by income for a property or portfolio.
Rent collection and arrears
Track rent collected on time and arrears ageing each month.
Cost per operating hour
Track the full cost to operate a platform per flying, sailing or running hour.
Load factor, RASK and CASK
Track airline unit revenue and unit cost each month.
Lifting cost and netback
Track cost per barrel and the margin per barrel each month.
Programme spending and fundraising efficiency
Track how much of spending reaches programmes and what it costs to raise funds, each year.
Grant utilisation
Track spending and deliverables against a grant’s time and budget, for funder reports.
Sensitivity and scenario analysis
See how profit moves when volume, price and costs change, and which lever matters most.
Reconciliation exceptions
Track account reconciliation completion and unresolved reconciling items.
Cash forecast variance
Compare forecast and actual cash flow by period to see accuracy and bias.
FX exposure and hedge ratio
Measure how much foreign currency exposure is hedged and what an exchange-rate shock would
GST input tax credit match rate
Compare input tax credit in your books with what suppliers’ filings show, and the credit a
TDS deduction and deposit timeliness
Check TDS deducted and deposited on time and the interest due on delays.
Price change break-even volume
Find how much volume you can lose (or must gain) for a price change to keep the same gross
Fully loaded cost per engineer
Work out what an engineer really costs per hour, day and year, including benefits, overhea
Software capitalisation
Estimate the share of engineering cost that can be capitalised as development of internal-
Billing rate and project margin
Set a billing rate from cost, utilisation and target margin, and check a quoted rate.
Cost to serve per customer
Work out what it costs to run, support and succeed each customer, and the gross margin lef
Net interest margin and ALM gap
Work out net interest margin and the repricing gap, with the income effect of a rate chang
Insurance and TPA claim turnaround
Measure cashless and reimbursement claim turnaround, denials and deductions.
Cost per GB delivered
Work out network cost per GB of data carried.
Content cost per subscriber
Compare content cost per subscriber with revenue per subscriber.
Fee collection efficiency
Measure fees collected against demand and how much is overdue.
Cost to complete
Forecast final cost from a bottom-up estimate to complete and compare with budget.
Price realisation against MSP
Compare prices farmers realise with the minimum support price.
Input cost share
See which inputs take the largest share of farm revenue.
Labour cost per occupied room
Work out labour cost per occupied room and as a share of revenue.
Capital expenditure reserve
Check whether the capex reserve covers planned replacements.
Rent escalation
Project rent under a stepped escalation clause and the equivalent yearly growth.
Refining margin (GRM)
Work out gross refining margin per barrel.
Cost per outcome
Work out programme cost per person helped and per outcome achieved.
Operations & supply chain (57)
Targeting accuracy
Who a programme reaches: inclusion, exclusion and leakage.
Claims handling KPIs
Closure, speed and quality of claims handling.
Dock dwell and detention
Cost of trucks waiting longer than the free time.
Warehouse productivity
Pick rate, accuracy and space use.
Last-mile delivery
Stops per route, first-attempt success and cost.
Fleet fuel and maintenance
Fuel use, maintenance cost per distance and downtime.
Safety stock and reorder point
Buffer stock for a service level, and when to reorder.
Admissions funnel
Offers, acceptances and enrolment yield.
Course completion funnel
Engagement and completion for an online course.
Class size and teaching load
Staffing ratios and average class size.
Graduate placement
Share of graduates employed or studying, with a worst case for non-response.
Emergency department flow
Track waits, walk-outs and length of stay in the emergency department.
Operating theatre utilisation
Track how well operating theatre time is used, and how often lists start on time.
Inventory shrinkage
Track stock lost to theft, damage and admin errors at each count.
Maintenance KPIs
Track planned versus reactive maintenance and preventive maintenance compliance each month
Changeover time
Track time lost to changeovers and the gain from shortening them.
Heat rate and efficiency
Track a thermal plant’s fuel efficiency each month.
Renewable curtailment
Track renewable energy lost to grid curtailment each month.
Inventory record accuracy
Track how often system stock matches the shelf, from cycle counts.
Load and cube utilisation
Track how full trucks and containers run, by volume and weight.
Research output
Track publications, citations and grant income per academic each year.
RFI and submittal turnaround
Track how fast design questions and submittals are answered on a project.
Dairy herd performance
Track milk yield per cow and income over feed cost each month.
Cancellations, no-shows and overbooking
Track cancellations and no-shows and set a safe overbooking level.
Strip ratio and powder factor
Track waste moved per tonne of ore and explosive use per tonne blasted.
Obsolescence (DMSMS) risk
Track parts going out of production and the cover you hold.
Line rate (JPH) and line efficiency
Track jobs per hour against the takt the line is designed for.
Clinical trial enrolment
Track enrolment speed and project when a study will finish recruiting.
Reserve replacement ratio
Track whether reserves added keep up with production each year.
Production decline forecast
Forecast a well or field on exponential decline to its economic limit.
Economic order quantity
Find the order size that balances ordering cost against holding cost.
S&OP plan attainment
Compare the consensus plan with actual demand and supply for the period.
Order cycle time
Break order cycle time into stages to find the slowest one.
ABC classification
Group items by their share of annual usage value.
Returns rate
Measure returns, why they happen and what they cost.
Forecast bias and tracking signal
Detect a forecast that is consistently too high or too low.
KYC and onboarding turnaround
Measure how fast customers are onboarded through KYC and where they drop out.
Length of stay and case mix index
Work out average length of stay and case mix index, and a case-mix-adjusted length of stay
Markdown and inventory ageing
Track markdown cost and how much stock is ageing.
On-shelf availability
Measure how often products are on the shelf when customers look, and the sales lost.
Schedule adherence
Measure how closely production followed the plan, by volume and mix.
Policy issuance turnaround
Measure how fast proposals become issued policies and why they wait.
Dock-to-stock time
Measure time from receiving goods at the dock to available stock.
Fleet utilisation
Measure how much of the fleet is working and how many kilometres run empty.
Pass rates and learning levels
Track pass rates and the share of students at grade level.
Scheme saturation
Measure how many eligible beneficiaries a scheme reaches and benefits.
Service delivery turnaround
Measure public services delivered within the notified time.
Plant load factor
Work out plant load factor and availability for a generating unit.
Labour productivity by trade
Compare output per man-day across trades against norms.
Drill metres per shift
Measure drilling productivity per rig and shift.
Ore-to-mill reconciliation
Compare mine-reported ore with what the mill received (reconciliation factors).
Supply lead time
Measure lead time from demand to receipt for spares and supplies.
On-time performance
Measure flights departing and arriving within 15 minutes of schedule.
Aircraft turnaround time
Measure turnaround times against the scheduled ground time.
Dealer inventory days
Measure days of vehicle stock at dealers.
Batch cycle time
Measure batch cycle time from start to release against target.
Production efficiency
Compare actual production with what the facility could have produced.
Quality & testing (29)
Defect density and severity index
Track defects per size of code delivered and how severe they are, release by release.
Requirements test coverage
Track how many requirements are covered by tests and passing, before each release.
Cost of poor quality
Track what quality costs across prevention, appraisal and failure, each quarter.
Warranty claims (R/1000)
Track warranty claims per 1,000 vehicles and cost per unit sold.
Batch right first time and deviations
Track batches released without deviation and how fast deviations are closed.
Laboratory quality (OOS)
Track out-of-specification results and laboratory turnaround.
Defect backlog and ageing
Track open defects by severity, how old they are, and whether the backlog is shrinking, ev
Defect validity and reopen rate
Check how many reported defects are real and how many fixes fail retest, per sprint or rel
Phase containment and cost of defects
See where defects are caught and what late discovery costs, by phase.
Test effort estimate
Estimate tester days and calendar time for a test cycle or release.
Test execution progress
Track test execution against plan each day of a test cycle, and project the finish.
Release quality gate
Check a release against its exit criteria and get a go or no-go with the reasons.
Regression suite runtime
Work out how long the regression suite takes and how many parallel workers hit a target ti
Flaky test cost
Put a monthly cost on flaky tests that fail pipelines and get rerun.
Reliability growth (when to stop testing)
Estimate how many defects remain from the weekly trend of defects found.
Device and browser coverage
Check what share of your real users the test device and browser matrix covers.
Test automation health
Track whether automated tests are trusted: false failures, maintenance and the share of re
Risk-based test coverage
Weight test coverage by product risk so the riskiest areas get tested first.
QA staffing and productivity
Check the developer-to-tester ratio and tester throughput each sprint.
Code complexity hotspots
Track how much code is too complex to change safely, and where it overlaps with frequent c
Test environment availability
Track how often test environments are usable and what the downtime costs the team.
UAT and exploratory session metrics
Measure what user acceptance and exploratory sessions find and whether acceptance criteria
Mobile app stability and performance
Track crash-free users and sessions, ANR rate, startup time, size and store rating for a r
Static analysis quality gate
Track how often builds pass the code quality gate and how many new issues each change adds
Localisation coverage
Check how much of the product is translated in each language and the defects found.
Non-conformance reports
Track quality non-conformances on site and how fast they close.
PPAP status
Track production part approval status across parts.
Direct run rate
Measure the share of vehicles that pass through without repair or rework.
Stability study adherence
Track stability pulls and tests done on time and out-of-trend results.
Reliability & managed IT services (23)
Redundancy (k of n)
Find the availability of a service that needs k of n replicas up, such as N+1 or a quorum.
Change enablement KPIs
Track change success, emergency changes and changes that cause incidents, each month.
Problem management and repeat incidents
Track repeat incidents and how fast root causes are found and fixed.
Dispatch reliability
Track departures delayed or cancelled for technical reasons.
Component reliability (MTBUR and MTBF)
Track how often a component is removed, and how many removals were real failures.
Incident restore time by severity
Track restore time by severity and whether postmortem actions get done.
Capacity headroom forecast
Estimate how many months remain before a resource reaches its safe limit, given growth.
SLO coverage
Track how many critical services have SLOs that are alerted on, governed and met.
Backup and restore assurance
Check that backups succeed and that restores are tested and fast enough.
API health by endpoint
Find the endpoints with the highest error rate and latency against your targets.
Golden signals
Check a service’s latency, traffic, errors and saturation against their thresholds in one
Database health
Check replication lag, slow queries, connection use, cache hit ratio and deadlocks.
Observability coverage
Track which services have logs, metrics, traces, dashboards and alerts that lead to a runb
OTA updates and fleet firmware
Track over-the-air update success and how current the device fleet is.
Chaos and resilience testing
Track resilience experiments, hypotheses that held and weaknesses fixed.
Support escalations to engineering
Measure escalations from support to engineering, what caused them and how fast they close.
ERP operations health
Track ERP (for example SAP) batch jobs, interface errors, transports, response time and un
Integration and messaging health
Track failed, retried and dead-lettered messages across integrations and how fast they are
SLA compliance by priority
Check how many tickets, incidents or defects were resolved within the SLA for each priorit
Site availability
Measure network site availability from outage minutes.
MTTR and MTBF by machine
Compare repair time and time between failures across machines.
Transformer failure rate
Track distribution transformer failures per year.
Well downtime
Measure well downtime and the production deferred.
Sales & customer success (18)
Erlang C staffing
Agents needed to answer calls within a target time.
Sales velocity
Track how much revenue the pipeline produces per day, and which lever moves it most.
Sales capacity and ramp
Check whether the sales team, after ramp and attrition, can carry the target.
Contact centre KPIs
Track the daily and weekly measures a service desk or contact centre runs on.
Shrinkage and rostered staff
Turn the agents needed on the phones into the people you must roster.
Onboarding and time to value
Track how fast new customers go live and reach first value each month.
Renewals and logo churn
Track renewal rate, logo churn and revenue at risk each quarter.
Store productivity
Track sales density, footfall conversion and basket size per store.
Grievance redressal
Track public grievances disposed of within the time limit, and appeals.
Activity to outcome ratios
See how many activities it takes to create an opportunity and win a deal.
Discount and price realisation
Walk from list price to pocket price and see how much is given away.
Customer effort score
Measure how easy customers found it to get things done.
Channel partner performance
Measure partner activity, revenue contribution and concentration.
Digital adoption share
Track how much of customer activity has moved to digital channels.
Churn by segment
Compare churn across customer segments to see where losses concentrate.
Guest review index
Combine review scores from several platforms into one index out of 100.
Absorption and sales velocity
Measure how fast units sell and how many months of stock remain.
Beneficiary satisfaction
Measure beneficiary satisfaction and how complaints are handled.
Governance, risk & compliance (18)
Fraud referral yield
How many referrals are confirmed and what the unit returns.
Risk register score
Score a risk before and after controls on a 5 × 5 scale, and check it against appetite.
Audit sample size (attribute sampling)
Find how many items to test for a control so that a clean or near-clean result supports yo
Key risk indicator status
Check a key risk indicator against its amber and red thresholds each reporting cycle.
ISO 27001:2022 Annex A readiness
Track implementation of the 93 Annex A controls by theme through a certification or survei
Business continuity coverage
Track whether critical processes have a current impact analysis, a plan and a passed test.
Policy attestation and compliance training
Track policy sign-off and mandatory compliance training across the workforce.
PCI DSS merchant level
Find your card merchant level and what you must do each year to validate PCI DSS complianc
ISO 27001 secure development controls
Check the ten ISO/IEC 27001:2022 controls for secure development, A.8.25 to A.8.34.
SOC 2 readiness by trust services criteria
Track readiness against the AICPA trust services criteria in scope for a SOC 2 report.
Control operating effectiveness
Track how many tested controls operated effectively, from audit or self-testing results.
AI governance coverage
Track whether each AI system and agent has an owner, an impact assessment, human oversight
ISO/IEC 42001 Annex A readiness
Track implementation of the 38 Annex A controls of an AI management system, by control obj
Evidence collection automation
Measure how much audit evidence is collected automatically and the effort still manual.
Internal audit plan completion
Track delivery of the internal audit plan and follow-through on recommendations.
Policy exceptions and risk acceptances
Track open exceptions to policy and whether they are controlled and current.
Claim settlement ratio
Work out the claim settlement ratio by count and amount, as insurers report it.
Pharmacovigilance case turnaround
Track adverse event cases reported within regulatory timelines.
People & organisation (17)
Compa-ratio and pay gap
Track pay against salary-band midpoints and the gap between two employee groups each pay c
Learning and development
Track training hours, spend and mandatory completion each quarter.
New-hire retention
Track how many new joiners stay to 90 days and one year, a signal of hiring and onboarding
Overtime and labour cost
Track the overtime share and its cost each pay period.
Workforce plan (FTE needed)
Turn forecast workload into the headcount needed, and the gap to today.
Internal mobility and promotion
Track how many roles you fill from inside and how often people move up.
Sourcing channel effectiveness
Compare recruiting channels by yield, cost per hire and quality.
Gratuity and leave liability
Estimate gratuity payable on exit and leave encashment liability for an employee.
Incentive pool and payout ratio
Check the incentive pool against payouts, coverage and achievement.
Training ROI (Phillips)
Work out the return on a training programme after isolating its effect.
Rating distribution and calibration
Compare the performance rating distribution with the intended guide.
Absence (Bradford factor)
Score absence patterns: frequent short absences weigh more than one long one.
Billable utilisation and bench
Measure billable utilisation for a services team and the cost of time not billed.
Nurse-to-patient ratio
Check nurse staffing against patient load and the target ratio, by shift.
Teacher attendance
Measure teacher attendance and the classes covered.
Training hours per person
Track training hours and the share of people current on required qualifications.
Volunteer hours and value
Track volunteer hours, retention and the value of time given.
Cybersecurity & cyber assurance (17)
CVSS v3.1 base score
Score a vulnerability the way scanners and the NVD do, to set its fix deadline.
OWASP risk rating
Rate an application security finding by likelihood and impact, the way many testing report
Application security verification coverage
Track how much of the OWASP ASVS (or Top 10) checklist an application has verified and pas
FAIR loss simulation (with ranges)
Quantify a cyber risk as a range of yearly losses from estimated ranges, not single guesse
Access review and identity hygiene
Track identity risks each quarter: orphaned accounts, privileged access, reviews and MFA.
Security operations (SOC) workload
Track alert volume, false positives and response speed in a security operations centre.
Dependency health and SBOM
Track how outdated third-party dependencies are, known vulnerabilities, and SBOM coverage.
Pipeline security coverage
Track how many repositories and applications run each security check in the delivery pipel
Exploit-prioritised vulnerability backlog
Separate the vulnerabilities to fix first, known exploited or likely to be, from the rest.
Penetration test findings trend
Compare penetration test findings with the last test and track remediation.
Mean time to contain
Measure the time from detecting a security incident to containing it.
Third-party security ratings
Summarise security ratings of your vendors and flag critical ones below the threshold.
External attack surface
Measure internet-facing exposure: unknown assets, risky services and weak certificates.
Secrets exposure
Track secrets found in code and logs and how fast they are revoked.
Encryption and key management coverage
Check data stores and endpoints for encryption and keys for rotation.
Email authentication (SPF, DKIM, DMARC)
Track sending domains protected against spoofing and how many are at enforcement.
Endpoint compliance
Track laptops and desktops that are managed, encrypted, patched and protected.
Sustainability & ESG (17)
Emissions reduction pathway
Check each year whether emissions are on a straight-line path to your target.
Scope 2: location vs market based
Report electricity emissions both ways, and see what renewable purchases change.
Waste diversion rate
Track the share of waste kept out of landfill each month or quarter.
Carbon price exposure
Estimate what a carbon price or internal carbon fee costs on your emissions.
Flaring and methane intensity
Track gas flared and methane emitted relative to gas produced.
Social indicators
Track workforce diversity, training and wellbeing indicators for sustainability reporting.
Scope 3 spend-based estimate
Estimate supply-chain emissions from spend and emission factors by category.
Water recycling and risk
Track water withdrawal, recycling and exposure to water-stressed areas.
Intensity per unit of turnover (BRSR Core)
Work out energy, emissions, water and waste intensity per unit of revenue, including PPP a
Renewable electricity share
Track the share of electricity from renewable sources, with and without certificates.
Data centre PUE, WUE and CUE
Measure data centre energy, water and carbon efficiency.
IT asset lifecycle and e-waste
Track device life, reuse and responsible recycling, and embodied carbon per year of use.
Energy per unit
Work out energy use, cost and emissions per unit produced.
Emissions per tonne-km
Work out transport emissions per tonne-kilometre.
Irrigation efficiency
Work out how much irrigation water reaches and is used by the crop.
Energy per tonne milled
Work out milling energy per tonne and its cost.
Fuel burn per seat-km
Work out fuel efficiency per seat-kilometre and per revenue passenger-kilometre.
Delivery & developer experience (15)
Earned value (EVM)
Cost and schedule performance of a project from budget, progress and spend.
Requirements volatility
Track how much scope changes after a sprint or release is planned.
Backlog health
Check whether the backlog has enough refined, ready work and how much of it has gone stale
Estimation accuracy
Check how close estimates were to actuals across finished items.
Code review turnaround
Track how quickly pull requests get a first review and get merged.
Knowledge concentration (bus factor)
Find components that depend on one person, from recent commit history.
Progressive delivery and feature flags
Track rollbacks, automatic halts and stale feature flags across deployments.
Engineering investment mix
See where engineering time goes, new value, keeping the lights on, debt or unplanned work,
Onboarding time to first change
See how quickly new engineers ship their first change to production.
Internal platform adoption
Track how many services use the paved road and how much self-service saves.
API versioning and deprecation
Track API versions in use, traffic still on deprecated versions and breaking changes.
Documentation and runbook freshness
Track whether engineering documents and runbooks are owned, current and tested.
Release health
Track release cadence, hotfixes, rollbacks and releases on schedule.
Sprint burndown and forecast
Compare remaining work with the ideal line and forecast whether the sprint will finish.
Function point estimate
Estimate size, effort and cost from function points, as used in many software proposals an
Marketing (12)
eCPM and fill rate
Ad revenue per thousand impressions and how many requests are filled.
Lead funnel (lead to customer)
Track each month how leads move to MQL, SQL, opportunity and won, and what each stage cost
Lead velocity rate
Track month-on-month growth in qualified leads, a leading indicator of future revenue.
Marketing ROI and pipeline contribution
Track the pipeline and revenue marketing creates against what it spends.
Share of voice
Track your share of category attention against your market share each quarter.
Organic search performance
Track clicks, click-through and the paid-equivalent value of organic search each month.
Social media engagement
Track engagement rate and audience growth across a channel each month.
Ad inventory sell-through
Track the share of ad inventory sold and the value left unsold.
Donor retention
Track how many donors give again and the value they bring.
Brand funnel
Find where people drop out between awareness, consideration, preference and purchase.
Content engagement and cost per asset
Measure what content costs and what it returns in engagement, leads and pipeline.
Multi-touch attribution
Split revenue across channels by first touch, last touch, linear and U-shaped models.
Performance & capacity (11)
Cell congestion
Share of sites above a busy-hour load threshold.
Contention ratio
How oversubscribed a shared link is at the busy hour.
Scalability (Amdahl and USL)
Predict how throughput grows as you add nodes or threads, and where adding more starts to
Spectral efficiency
Track throughput delivered per unit of spectrum, by site or cluster.
Load test sizing (virtual users)
Find how many virtual users and load generators a performance test needs to reach a target
Core Web Vitals
Check field performance against the Core Web Vitals thresholds at the 75th percentile.
Connection pool sizing
Size database connection pools from request rate and query time.
Page weight budget
Compare a page’s weight with its budget and estimate the download time.
Game frame rate and stability
Check frame rate against target, smoothness (1% lows), crashes and load time.
Network quality for voice and video
Turn latency, jitter and packet loss into an R-factor and a mean opinion score (MOS).
Embedded resource budget
Check flash, RAM and CPU use against the headroom you want to keep.
Product & growth (10)
Game LTV and payback
Lifetime value per player against the cost of acquiring one.
Watch time and completion
Average view duration and how many finish.
Viral coefficient (K-factor)
Track whether each user brings in more users, and how fast the loop turns.
Feature adoption and retention
Track how many active users adopt a feature and keep using it.
RICE prioritisation
Rank features or initiatives by reach, impact, confidence and effort.
Activation rate and time to first value
Measure how many new users reach the key action and whether that predicts retention.
Product-market fit survey (40% test)
Check what share of users would be very disappointed without the product.
OKR scoring
Score key results from their start, target and current values, and the objective overall.
Product-qualified leads
Track product-qualified leads from sign-ups and how many convert to paid.
Day-N retention by install cohort
Track D1, D7 and D30 retention for install cohorts.
Procurement & vendor management (10)
Purchase price variance and savings
Track price variance against standard and the savings procurement delivers each period.
Procure-to-pay efficiency
Track PO cycle time, cost per PO and off-contract spend each month.
Supplier concentration (HHI)
Check how dependent you are on a few suppliers for a category, and review it quarterly.
Total cost of ownership
Compare options on lifetime cost, not purchase price.
Vendor risk tiering
Tier a supplier by inherent risk and control evidence, and re-run it at each review.
SLA service credits
Work out the service credit owed for a month against a supplier SLA.
Should-cost model
Build up what an item should cost and compare it with the supplier’s quote.
Contract compliance and leakage
Measure spend that bypasses contracts or pays more than contracted prices.
MSE share in public procurement
Check procurement from micro and small enterprises against the public procurement policy t
SaaS licence utilisation
Find unused software licences and what they cost each year.
GenAI & agentic AI (10)
Self-host vs API break-even
Compare paying per token with running your own model on GPUs, at your monthly volume.
AI assistant adoption
Track how many licensed people use an AI tool each week and how much its suggestions are k
Agent run KPIs
Track how often an AI agent completes tasks on its own, hands off to people, and what each
Multi-step agent reliability
See how per-step reliability and retries add up over a long agent workflow.
Knowledge base health (RAG)
Track whether the documents an AI assistant draws on are current, owned and actually used.
Agent task suitability score
Score whether a task is a good candidate for an AI agent before building one.
Model routing (cascade) savings
Estimate savings from sending easy requests to a smaller model and escalating the rest.
Fine-tuning vs prompting break-even
Compare a fine-tuned model with long prompts to see when fine-tuning pays back.
GPU utilisation (MFU)
Work out model FLOPs utilisation for training from throughput and hardware peak.
Cost per successful task
Work out what a successful AI or agent task costs, including retries and human fixes.
AI evaluation (10)
Guardrail effectiveness
Measure how often attacks get through your AI guardrails, and how often safe requests are
Fairness: disparate impact
Check whether a model or rule selects or approves two groups at fair rates.
Confusion matrix metrics
Get the full set of classifier measures, including specificity and MCC, from all four coun
Calibration (ECE)
Check whether a model’s confidence matches how often it is right, from binned results.
Eval regression check
Compare a new model, prompt or agent version with the current one on the same eval cases.
Eval suite size
Find how many eval cases you need for a pass rate to be precise enough to act on.
AI output safety rates
Track unsafe outputs found in reviewed samples, with an upper bound when you find none.
Red-team coverage by attack category
Track adversarial testing by attack category and the success rate of attacks.
Pairwise win rate
Compare two models or prompts from head-to-head judgements, with confidence.
Ranking quality (MRR and NDCG)
Measure how well search or retrieval ranks relevant results.
Cloud & FinOps (10)
Cost allocation coverage
Track how much cloud spend is tagged or allocated to an owner each month.
Commitment coverage and utilisation
Track how much eligible usage your savings plans or reservations cover, and how much you w
Data egress cost
Estimate monthly data transfer out cost and what a CDN or cache saves.
Rightsizing savings
Estimate savings from resizing over-provisioned cloud instances or databases.
Kubernetes resource efficiency
Compare what pods request with what they use, and what the gap costs.
Cloud budget forecast variance
Project period-end spend from the run rate and compare it with budget and forecast.
Spot capacity savings
Estimate net savings from spot or preemptible capacity after interruptions.
Storage tiering savings
Estimate savings from moving cold data to a cheaper tier, after retrieval costs.
Cloud cost of revenue
See cloud cost as a share of revenue and its effect on gross margin.
Infrastructure as code and drift
Measure how much infrastructure is managed as code, how much has drifted, and open misconf
Legal operations (9)
Contract turnaround
Track contract cycle time, on-time delivery and template use each month.
Outside counsel spend
Track legal spend, the share going to outside counsel and invoice review savings.
Litigation exposure
Estimate the probability-weighted exposure of a matter and how to treat it in the accounts
CSR obligation (Companies Act s. 135)
Check whether CSR applies, the 2% spend and any unspent amount to transfer each year.
IP portfolio cost and renewals
See what the IP portfolio costs to keep and how much of it is used.
Compliance filing adherence
Track statutory and regulatory filings made on time, late or missed, and the penalties pai
Legal request intake and self-service
Measure the legal team’s request load, self-service share and turnaround.
Open-source licence compliance
Check dependencies by licence class and flag the ones that need review.
RTI disposal timeliness
Track RTI applications disposed within the statutory time and first appeals.
Strategic IT & enterprise architecture (9)
Capability maturity gap
Score capabilities against target maturity (1 to 5) and see where the biggest weighted gap
Application portfolio (TIME)
Classify applications as Tolerate, Invest, Migrate or Eliminate from business and technica
Technology currency (end of life)
Track how much of your estate runs on unsupported or soon-unsupported technology.
Project portfolio delivery
Track how many projects deliver on time, on budget and with the promised benefits.
Package coupling and stability
Check whether a module’s dependencies and abstraction are balanced, using Robert Martin’s
Architecture governance
Track decision records, fitness functions, standards and API reuse across services each qu
Architecture decision lead time
Measure how long architecture decisions take from proposal to decision.
Cloud migration progress (6R)
Track application migration by strategy and the run-cost change.
Technical debt interest
Put a cost on carrying technical debt and the payback from paying it down.
Privacy & data protection (8)
Data protection fine ceiling (other regions)
See the most a regulator can fine under major privacy and cyber laws outside India, agains
Data subject request deadline
Track how long you have left to answer an access or other rights request, by law.
Privacy by design coverage
Track whether changes that touch personal data get a privacy review and impact assessment
DPDP notice and consent coverage
Track whether each processing purpose has a proper notice, valid consent and easy withdraw
Data retention and deletion compliance
Check that data has retention rules and that deletion keeps up.
Data minimisation ratio
Compare personal data fields collected with those that have a purpose and are actually use
Re-identification risk (k-anonymity)
Estimate re-identification risk of a shared dataset from its equivalence class sizes.
Processor contracts and transfers
Check that vendors handling personal data have contracts, transfer safeguards and assessme
Data & analytics (8)
A/B test result
Check whether a finished experiment shows a real difference, with its confidence interval.
Data downtime
Track hours that data was missing, late or wrong, the data equivalent of an outage.
Data governance coverage
Track ownership, cataloguing, quality rules and lineage for your critical data elements.
Data platform cost per query
Work out what each query, terabyte scanned and user costs on the data platform.
Data catalogue and lineage coverage
Track how many data assets are documented, owned, traced, classified and trusted.
BI and analytics adoption
Measure how widely dashboards are used and how many have gone stale.
Regression model error
Measure prediction error for a numeric model: MAE, RMSE, R² and bias.
ML model inventory and retraining
Check production models for monitoring, ownership, retraining and rollback.
Accessibility & inclusive products (7)
Colour contrast ratio (WCAG)
Check text and interface colours against WCAG contrast requirements.
Accessibility issue trend
Track open accessibility issues by severity and how fast they are fixed, release by releas
Accessibility in the delivery pipeline
Track whether accessibility is built in at each stage, from stories to release.
Captions and transcripts coverage
Track captions, transcripts and audio description across video and audio content.
Accessible document remediation
Track accessibility of PDFs and office documents and how long the backlog will take.
Assistive technology test coverage
Track key journeys tested with assistive technologies and the blockers found.
Accessibility business case
Estimate users affected by accessibility barriers and revenue at risk.